O funk é hoje considerado uma das maiores manifestações culturais de massa do Brasil e está diretamente relacionado aos estilos de vida e experiências da juventude oriunda de favelas, portanto ele reflete a vida cotidiana em comunidades do Rio de Janeiro. Este artigo consiste em uma análise crítica construída em torno das mulheres Mc’s do Movimento Funk Carioca e, tem como objetivo analisar por meio do cotidiano da mulher trabalhadora as contradições da cultura popular expressas nas músicas que alimentam uma (...) consciência da condição de dominação e suas limitadas possibilidades de superação. (shrink)

There is widespread agreement that an adequate understanding of the nature of science (NOS) is a critical component of scientific literacy and a major goal in science education. However, we still do not know many specific details regarding how students and teachers learn particular aspects of NOS and what are the most important feature traits of instruction. In this context, the main objective of this review is to analyze articles from nine main science education journals that consider the teaching of (...) NOS to K-12 students, pre-service, and in-service science teachers in search of patterns in teaching and learning NOS. After reviewing 52 studies in nine journals that included data regarding participants’ views of NOS before and after an intervention, the main findings were as follows: (1) some aspects of NOS (empirical basis, observation and inference, and creativity) are easier to learn than others (tentativeness, theory and law, and social and cultural embeddedness), and subjective aspects of NOS and “the scientific method” seemed to be difficult for participants to understand; (2) the interventions most frequently lasted 5 to 8 weeks for students, one semester for pre-service teachers, and 1 year for experienced teachers; and (3) most of the interventions incorporated both decontextualized and contextualized activities. Given the substantial diversity in the methods and intervention designs used and the variables studied, it was not possible to infer a pattern of more-effective NOS teaching strategies from the reviewed studies. Future investigation should focus on (a) disentangling whether a difference exists between the easy and difficult aspects of learning NOS and formulating a theoretical explanation for distinguishing the two types of aspects and (b) assessing the effectiveness of different kinds of courses (e.g., history of science, NOS or informal) and strategies (e.g., hands-on vs. drama activities; SSI vs. HOS). (shrink)

Statements such as “X is beautiful but I don’t like how it looks” or “I like how X looks but it is not beautiful” sound contradictory. How contradictory they sound might however depend on the object X and on the aesthetic adjective being used (“beautiful”, “elegant”, “dynamic”, etc.). In our study, the first sentence was estimated to be more contradictory than the latter: If we describe something as beautiful, we often intend to evaluate its appearance, whereas it is less counterintuitive (...) to appreciate an appearance without finding it beautiful. Furthermore, statements including “beautiful” appeared more contradictory than those including “elegant” and “dynamic”, pointing to its greater evaluative component. When related to artworks, sentences could appear less contradictory due to readers’ consideration of the divergence between conventional beauty and art-related sensory pleasures that can even include negative valence. Such ambivalence might be more frequent in art-objects than in other artefacts. Indeed, in our study, sentences referring to artworks were estimated to be less contradictory compared to sentences referring to other artefacts. Meanwhile, an additional small group of graphic design students showed a less clear difference between art-related and non-art-related sentences. We discuss the potential influence of art experience and interest as well as theoretical and methodological challenges like the conceptualization of beauty. (shrink)

An increasing number of studies indicate that virtues affect brain structure. These studies might shed new light on some neuroethical perspectives suggesting that our brain network activity determines the acquisition and permanence of virtues. According to these perspectives, virtuous behavior could be interpreted as the product of a brain mechanism supervised by genes and environment and not as the result of free choice. In this respect, the neural correlates of virtues would confirm the deterministic theory. In contrast, I maintain that (...) these findings do not undermine the role of willpower and freedom while reinforcing an interactionist view of free will. If virtues affect our neural system, then the predictability of the virtuous behavior follows. The likelihood of our future actions is primarily virtue-dependent; therefore, the acquired naturality of virtuous behavior is a source of predictable behavioral patterns outlining expected actions, which I propose to call Hypotheses of Action. However, the predictability of an action indicates its likeliness and not its certainty or necessity. The neural traces of virtues can be interpreted as major indicators of HAs. It is always possible for the agents to depart from their more likely, virtue-induced actions, but their deviations from the virtuous behavioral pattern are rare, as it is rare for the vicious/non-virtuous person to behave well systematically. This implies a reaffirmation of the notions of veto and consent as they provide a universal practical power affecting the subject’s use of moral virtues. (shrink)

In her latest book, The End of Progress, Amy Allen embarks on an ambitious and much-needed project: to decolonize contemporary Frankfurt School Critical Theory. As with all of her books, this is an exceptionally well-written and well-argued book. Allen strives to avoid making assertions without backing them up via close and careful textual reading of the thinkers she engages in her book. In this article, I will state why this book makes a central contribution to contemporary critical theory (in the (...) broader sense), after which I pose a few questions. These questions are not meant to prove that there are any serious problems with her argumentation. Instead, they are meant in the spirit of dialogue and allow her to elaborate her work for her audience. (shrink)

In her latest book, The End of Progress, Amy Allen embarks on an ambitious and much-needed project: to decolonize contemporary Frankfurt School Critical Theory. As with all of her books, this is an exceptionally well-written and well-argued book. Allen strives to avoid making assertions without backing them up via close and careful textual reading of the thinkers she engages in her book. In this article, I will state why this book makes a central contribution to contemporary critical theory (in the (...) broader sense), after which I pose a few questions. These questions are not meant to prove that there are any serious problems with her argumentation. Instead, they are meant in the spirit of dialogue and allow her to elaborate her work for her audience. (shrink)

The contributions in this volume, written by leading scholars in the philosophy of hope, gives a systematic overview over the philosophical history of hope, about contemporary debates and about the role of hope in our collective life.

Multi-level marketing companies such as Amway, Herbalife, or Tupperware differ from most other companies. They market their products and services by means of self-employed distributors who typically work from home, sell products to end consumers, and recruit, motivate, and educate new distributors to do the same. Although the industry’s growth seems to illustrate the attractiveness of MLMs, the industry has been facing several legal and ethical problems. In this paper, we focus on these problems and argue that an extended MLM (...) model may help us to understand why such problems continue to occur, despite the countermeasures that have been implemented. By explicating how problems relate to a specific but often overlooked characteristic of MLMs, i.e., the so-called distributor network, we provide an extended understanding of MLMs’ mode of operation, the sources of their legal and ethical problems, and the reason that currently implemented and suggested countermeasures may not suffice. Moreover, based on our extended understanding of MLMs and their problems, we propose additional countermeasures. (shrink)

Despite that it is commonly accepted that migraine is a disorder of the nervous system with a prominent genetic basis, it is comorbid with a plethora of medical conditions. Several studies have found bidirectional comorbidity between migraine and different disorders including neurological, psychiatric, cardio- and cerebrovascular, gastrointestinal, metaboloendocrine, and immunological conditions. Each of these has its own genetic load and shares some common characteristics with migraine. The bidirectional mechanisms that are likely to underlie this extensive comorbidity between migraine and other (...) diseases are manifold. Comorbid pathologies can induce and promote thalamocortical network dysexcitability, multi-organ transient or persistent pro-inflammatory state, and disproportionate energetic needs in a variable combination, which in turn may be causative mechanisms of the activation of an ample defensive system with includes the trigeminovascular system in conjunction with the neuroendocrine hypothalamic system. This strategy is designed to maintain brain homeostasis by regulating homeostatic needs, such as normal subcortico-cortical excitability, energy balance, osmoregulation, and emotional response. In this light, the treatment of migraine should always involves a multidisciplinary approach, aimed at identifying and, if necessary, eliminating possible risk and comorbidity factors. (shrink)

Feminist thinkers have appropriated the central concepts of the early Frankfurt School thinker Theodor W. Adorno, such as his concept of the non-identical, and pointed at his problematic depictions of the feminine. However, despite the growing literature on the latter, there is so far no scholarship that shows how the feminine interacts with class in Adorno’s works. Working-class women appear in the Dialectic of Enlightenment and his later works in the three figurations of the phallic, castrating, and castrated woman. I (...) draw on the theoretical framework of the French psychoanalytic thinker Jacques Lacan to grasp the deeper desires and fears that implicate Adorno in the very same instrumental rationality he aims to counter with his critical theory. (shrink)

En este ensayo presento brevemente la propuesta de un concepto de homología funcional, junto con sus criterios empíricos. Argumento que dicho concepto es necesario para la articulación de una ciencia cognitiva evolutiva rigurosa y completa. Luego considero la pregunta sobre cuál de los dos principales conceptos de función que han sido desarrollados por filósofos de la biología —a saber, el análisis sistémico o el seleccionista— es el que encaja de mejor manera con mi concepto de homología funcional, y concluyo que (...) la noción de tipo sistémico es la más coherente con dicho concepto. (shrink)

L’esprit en acte se présente comme une réflexion philosophique sur le pragmatisme classique. Dans ce livre, qui peut être lu avec autant d’intérêt par des étudiants en Master que par des spécialistes, Girel reconfigure le tableau pragmatiste à travers une interprétation qui met au centre “le lien entre nos croyances et notre conduite” (2021: 9). Ce livre présente une perspective sur la philosophie de l’esprit qui met l’action et la pratique au centre du discours, grâce à une lecture philosoph...

La poésie de Barbara Guest s’inscrit à l’encontre des attentes de lecture habituelles, les événements du poème ayant la priorité sur le contenu : le sujet du poème s’efface en faveur de la plasticité à l’œuvre. Les poèmes- événements requièrent la participation imaginative du lecteur. Plusieurs événements et procédés se croisent : peinture et musique se côtoient en empruntant des processus humains comme le cinéma, le jeu sur la plasticité de l’œuvre d’art, la collaboration artistique, tissage et dé-tissage, mais aussi (...) des phénomènes naturels tels que l’iridescence, l’osmose et la symbiose. L’événement toutefois insaisissable qui a lieu au sein du poème devient le point de rencontre aléatoire entre différents moyens artistiques et des occurrences naturelles. C’est ainsi que la corrélation mystérieuse et miraculeuse peut s’établir entre le poème et son lecteur. Le poème polysémique ouvre des probabilités. Le texte se livre tel un événement de mots et de mondes dans une œuvre mouvante aux couleurs iridescentes et aux subtiles variations. (shrink)

In political philosophy, trust, legality and violence are interdependent, with different weights, connecting and excluding. Trust structures suffer most from an anticipation of violence or violence itself. Violence systematically takes place in three stages, according to the german sociologist Jan-Philipp Reemtsma: expulsive, abusive, and homicidal violence, all of which have their distinctive and recurring verbal and nonverbal equivalents. The hyperviolence phenomenon goes beyond this, however, and even mutilates the dead body, whether actually physically, or through massive propaganda that declares the (...) enemy a killable non-human. The goal of hyperviolence is a demonstration of absolute power over victim and bystander by means of a traumatizing violation of trust, reason, and individuality. At the same time, hyperviolence is an atavism in modernity (a historical regression); therefore the practitioner of hyperviolence is the anti-modern type par excellence. The french philosopher Georges Bataille introduces here the concept of "sovereignty" and the "sovereign" as the perpetrator also of hyperviolence. The sovereign's sovereignty is the immediate experience of the moment, free of any responsibility, with a rhetoric of mock justification of each of the three types of violence including hyperviolence. With the ahistorical view of escalating violence and the denial of any rational legitimation by the sovereign as the actor of hyperviolence, the structure of trust and the contract system of democracy itself is also endangered. So the question is, how does one unmask the "sovereign" on his way to undermine legal relations already in his linguistic patterns, in his non-linguistic codes, and how can escalation be prevented by early detection? Keywords: violence, hyperviolence, criminal linguistics, Georges Bataille, sovereign. (shrink)

Este estudo consiste num comentario do curso que Heidegger deu entre 1936 e 1937 intitulado "A vontade de poder como arte" em que ele compara as filosofias de Platão e Nietzsche sobre arte. Uma tal aproximação não implica negar que, se consideramos o todo das obras, tanto de Nietzsche como de Heidegger, a maioria das referências a Platão visam marcar uma distância perante ele.Meu único objetivo é mostrar que não existe uma fórmula simples para explicar a relação entre os três (...) pensadores. (shrink)

I discuss Arendt’s claim that science and its uses should become a matter of political discussion. The suggestion that science can be discussed and monitored by lay people is based on her interpretation of modern science. Modern science results from a flight from the human condition, which in her view should be reversed by means of the public debate. I conclude that Arendt’s political approach should in fact be called a moral approach. Arendt’s arguments can be reduced to a traditional (...) humanistic critique of science, interpreted as a version of Kant’s antinomy between the cognitive and the moral interests of reason, according to which scientists must be prevented from treating human beings as a natural species like any other. (shrink)

Tanto Husserl quanto Heidegger acreditam que os dois maiores perigos da nossa época são o naturalismo e o tecnicismo.A formulação de Husserl é recusada em favor da de Heidegger, visto que a primeira não explica porque a ciência moderna não é um erro nem porque a ética é importante diante da técnica.

Zusammenfassung Alte Menschen mit lebensbegleitender geistiger Behinderung weisen wiederkehrend auch gesundheitliche Problemstellungen auf, die eine stationäre akutklinische Behandlung erfordern. Gesundheitliche Belastungen sind bei dieser Personengruppe nicht ausschließlich auf die Behinderung, sondern auch auf eine höhere Vulnerabilität zurückzuführen, die sich durch degenerativ-altersassoziierte Problemstellungen weiter verstärkt. Gesundheitliche Belastungen treten bei dieser Gruppe mitunter auch als Folge lebenslanger gesundheitlicher Benachteiligung und Unterversorgung auf. Im Vergleich zu Menschen ohne Behinderung bekommen Menschen mit lebensbegleitender geistiger Behinderung vielfach weder die nach ihren höheren und spezifischen Bedarfen (...) _angemessenen _noch die _gleichen _Gesundheitsleistungen. Eine diskriminierende Ungleichbehandlung von Menschen mit (geistiger) Behinderung gegenüber Menschen ohne Behinderung drückt sich häufig auch in der Verletzung der Integrität und Würde dieser besonders vulnerablen Patient*innengruppe aus. Strukturelle sowie haltungs- und handlungsbezogene Diskriminierungspraktiken im Akutkrankenhaus können dazu beitragen, bestehende Vulnerabilitäten zu erhöhen und gesundheitliche Problemstellungen zu verschärfen. Ziel des Beitrages ist es, für diese Wechselwirkungen zu sensibilisieren und relevante Eckpunkte für eine würdevolle und integritätswahrende, am Gegenüber ausgerichtete Pflege im Akutkrankenhaus aufzuzeigen. (shrink)

“O Niilismo” foi publicado pela primeira vez em 1996, em Roma, e posteriormente traduzido para várias línguas. Nesta obra, Volpi quis apresentar, ao longo dos quinze capítulos, um itinerário da história do conceito e do problema do niilismo.

En los Esbozos Pirrónicos, Sexto Empírico adelanta un argumento similar al sueño de Descartes, que parece comprometer a Sexto con una especie de relativismo protagórico. En este artículo examino este argumento en el contexto de otros pasajes de Sexto y propongo una interpretación que muestra que el escepticismo que uno puede trazar desde este argumento es tan radical como el de Descartes, pero nunca podrá considerarse como un argumento relativista. Muestro que Sexto comete un error crucial al describir la posición (...) de Protágoras y la suya, un error que podría llevarle a uno a concluir falsamente que Sexto es un relativista protagórico. (shrink)

No presente artigo, buscamos aprofundar a compreensão a respeito das categorias de análise propostas pela vertente da história dos intelectuais, a partir das proposições do historiador Jean-François Sirinelli, com vistas a discutir sua apropriação nas pesquisas empreendidas em História da Educação no Brasil. Na primeira parte, são apresentadas as categorias de itinerário intelectual, rede de sociabilidade e geração intelectual, na sua relação com o conceito de cultura política. Na segunda parte, é construída uma reflexão sobre as especificidades do processo histórico (...) brasileiro que exigem atenção para que se proceda a uma utilização apropriada do arsenal metodológico na pesquisa histórica em educação realizada no Brasil. Palavras-chave: História dos intelectuais. Jean-François Sirinelli. História da Educação. (shrink)

O pensamento de Heidegger sobre as artes considerou a poesia, em primeiro lugar, e depois as artes plásticas. A música quase não é citada. De obras e compositores afirma‑se que não alcançaram relevância histórica. Ao mesmo tempo, o pensamento de Heidegger sobre a obra de arte não poderia deixar de abarcar a música e influenciar abordagens posteriores, mesmo que maneira negativa, desconstruindo certezas sedimentadas. No presente artigo, tento expor a dupla direção que caracteriza as linhas principais do pensamento heideggeriano sobre (...) a música, bem como algumas de suas implicações. (shrink)

This article investigates how religion-based social norms and values shape women’s access to employment in Muslim-majority countries. It develops a religiously sensitive conceptualization of the differential valence of genders based on respect, which serves to produce inequality. Drawing on an ethnographic study of work practice in Berber communities in Morocco, aspects of respect are analyzed through an honor–shame continuum that serves to moralize and mediate gender relations. The findings show that respect and shame function as key inequality-producing mechanisms. The dynamic (...) interrelationship between respect and shame has implications for how we understand the ways in which gender inequality is institutionalized and produced across different levels. Through these processes, gender-differentiated forms of respect become inscribed in organizational structures and practices, engendering persistent inequality. (shrink)

Drawing on examples by Gottfried Keller, Gottfried Semper, Walter Benjamin, Paul Scheerbart and Bruno Taut, the paper pursues the subcutaneous impacts of Goethe’s Faust II in modern aesthetics. Recurring to morphology and the theory of colour, these aesthetics connect Faust with the categories of color and volubility, thus establishing an alternative relation be- tween tradition and modernity.